Last updated 20 May 2026

There are four levels to the Queensland environmental legal system:

  • international law
  • Commonwealth law
  • Queensland (state) law
  • common law.

Local governments operate under state law and provide an important subset of plans and laws that apply within their areas. In practice, state legislation provides the major laws protecting the environment, but all levels have an important role.

Every level of government in Australia—Commonwealth, state and local—have powers to protect the environment in different and often overlapping ways. Their responsibilities are messy and not clear cut. This can be confusing, especially where multiple government departments are involved in assessing a large project.

Another potentially confusing part of environmental law in Queensland is the language used to identify the national government and local governments:

  • Australia’s national government may be called the “Australian”, “Commonwealth”, “Federal” or “national” government, but all of these interchangeable terms refer to the same level of government.
  • The 77 local governments in Queensland may be called a “city” (such as “Brisbane City Council), “regional council” (such as “Sunshine Coast Regional Council”), or “shire council” (such as “Winton Shire Council”), but all are “local governments” – there is no intermediate level of government between the state government and local governments.

International law

Australia has important obligations under international law for many environmental issues including World Heritage protection, biodiversity conservation, international wildlife, trade, marine pollution and climate change.

Detailed information on all of the major environmental treaties that Australia is a party to is available on websites devoted to the treaties such as the:

With rare exceptions, international bodies such as the United Nations do not have power to control activities in Australia other than through agreement and implementation by the Australian Government.

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are now an important policy objective internationally but are not binding on Australia. Non-binding international policies that set standards and goals such as these are often called ‘soft law’.

In general, decisions of international bodies, courts, and tribunals are not binding on Australia but can provide important guidance. For instance, the human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment has been recognised by the International Court of Justice (ICJ), United Nations General Assembly, and United Nations Human Rights Council.

In 2025 the ICJ delivered an important advisory opinion on the obligations of countries (typically called “states” in international law) for climate change. It recognised that all states have a stringent duty of care to avoid causing significant harm to other states, including from fossil fuel production, fossil fuel consumption, the granting of fossil fuel exploration licences or the provision of fossil fuel subsidies. How these principles may be incorporated into environmental impact assessment and approval of coal, gas, and petroleum projects in Queensland remains to be seen but current government practice conflicts with international law by strongly favouring approval of virtually all fossil fuel projects.

Commonwealth law

The main Commonwealth environmental legislation is the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) (EPBC Act). It regulates, amongst other things, actions that may impact on matters of national environmental significance such as World Heritage areas, international (Ramsar) wetlands and threatened species.

The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 (Cth) is also important in Queensland in regulating activities in the Great Barrier Reef.

Queensland law

Particularly important state laws include the Planning Act 2016 (Qld) (Planning Act), the Environmental Protection Act 1994 (Qld) (Environmental Protection Act), the Nature Conservation Act 1992 (Qld) (Nature Conservation Act) and the Fisheries Act 1994 (Qld) (Fisheries Act).

Common law

Common law involves the decisions of courts that form binding precedents and rules of law.

Common law traditionally protected people and property only and largely did not recognise obligations to protect the environment. Partly for this reason, modern environmental law is largely based on legislation.

However, common law still permeates many aspects of our legal system. It creates concepts and obligations that may be relevant to protecting the environment, such as the concept of standing (i.e. the right to sue in court) and the tort of public nuisance.

Who administers environmental law?

The Queensland environmental legal system is administered principally by the Commonwealth, the state and 77 local governments, and the courts.

The Commonwealth and Queensland governments generally administer their laws and policies through a variety of departments. These departments quite regularly change their names due to changes in government structures.

The major Commonwealth department and agency responsible for environmental issues in Queensland are the:

The main Queensland Government departments responsible for environmental issues are the:

Government owned corporations, statutory officers, and statutory authorities also have important roles in administering some Queensland laws. For instance:

  • the Coordinator-General is a statutory officer with wide-ranging power to facilitate large-scale projects
  • port authorities as government-owned corporations that control activities in four major ports, including the Port of Brisbane
  • Economic Development Queensland is a statutory authority responsible for development of State-owned land and designated priority development areas
  • the Brisbane Organising Committee for the 2032 Olympic and Paralympic Games is a statutory authority and corporation with important planning powers for the 2032 Olympic and Paralympic Games
  • the Games Independent Infrastructure and Coordination Authority also has important powers governing major venues for the 2032 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

The local governments have a very important role in regulating where and how development occurs and are the principal point of contact for most planning and development issues.

Courts

The Queensland Planning and Environment Court is the most important court for environmental disputes and hears several hundred appeals each year about planning matters under the Planning Act and related legislation.

The Land Court of Queensland hears objections to mining leases and petroleum leases.

The Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal (QCAT) hears a range of relatively minor environmental disputes, such as tree disputes between neighbours.

The state-level Magistrates Court and District Court hear criminal prosecutions for both state and federal environmental offences.

The Federal Court has jurisdiction for the EPBC Act.

The High Court of Australia is the highest appellate court for both state and federal courts but rarely hears cases involving environmental issues.

International bodies, courts, and tribunals generally do not have power to hear disputes brought by ordinary people. Human rights complaints are a rare exception in limited cases.

Summary of obligations

The environmental legal system in Queensland is complex but, as a broad summary, all people conducting activities that affect the environment in Queensland should:

  • obtain and comply with any necessary licence or government approval
  • comply with any relevant standard imposed by the law, including taking all reasonable and practicable measures to prevent or minimise environmental harm
  • notify the Queensland Department of the Environment, Tourism, Science and Innovation if unlawful material or serious environmental harm (as defined in the Environmental Protection Act) occurs or may occur.

Land ownership

Land ownership is a fundamental issue underlying the environmental legal system. The different forms of land ownership are known as tenures, which are quite complex.

In Queensland:

  • around 70% of land is owned by the state but leased to private individuals and companies in a land tenure known as leasehold land
  • around 20% of Queensland has been sold by the state to private owners and held as freehold land
  • around 5% of state-owned land in Queensland is set aside for nature conservation as national parks.

Freehold land is still subject to many environmental laws such as local government planning controls.

Mining leases are a form of tenure that can be granted by the state government over other tenures including freehold land, to allow mining of minerals from the land. Similarly, petroleum leases are a form of tenure that can be granted to allow extraction of petroleum (including coal seam gas).

Native title is a form of land tenure recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders’ traditional land tenure rules. Native title has been extinguished on all freehold land but may still exist on other forms of tenure.

All of these different tenures fundamentally affect legal rights to use and develop land.

Where to find the law

Commonwealth legislation is available on the Federal Register of Legislation and each Commonwealth department has a website for the major laws it administers, such as the EPBC Act.

Queensland legislation is available on the Queensland Legislation website and each state government department has a website for the major laws it administers, such as the Planning Act.

Local governments, especially the large ones like Brisbane City Council, have their own websites providing access to their planning schemes.

How to interpret the law

Modern environmental laws are often long and complex, with numerous related documents to cross-reference to such as regulations, ministerial guidelines and planning schemes.

To find and interpret the law requires the ability and willingness to:

  • locate and read often large documents
  • follow cross-references within them
  • think logically about what they say.

The lecture ‘A quick roadmap for Qld’s planning laws’ from a workshop on A guide through the maze of planning law in Queensland gives practical guidance on finding and interpreting environmental laws in Queensland.